Locke vs. Marx Views on Property Rights - 1466 Words

John Locke and Karl Marx, two of the most renowned political philosophers, had many contrasting views when it came the field of political philosophy. Most notably, private property rights ranked high among the plethora of disparities between these two individuals. The main issue at hand was whether or not private property was a natural right. Locke firmly believed that private property was an inherent right, whereas Marx argued otherwise. This essay will examine the views of both Locke and Marx on the subject of private property and will render insight on whose principles appear more credible. Locke is best known for his philosophical ideals regarding the rights of humankind- all individuals have the right to life, liberty, and property. The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind, who will but consult it, that being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions (Locke, Ch. 2, Section 6). The definition of natural rights, according to Locke, is that, â€Å"Everyone is born with an equality of certain rights, regardless of their nationality. Since they come from nature or from God, natural rights cannot be justly taken away without consent (Bill of Rights Institute).† Tying this into the idea on property rights, it is evident that Locke presumed God had given the earth to man to share collectively as a whole. Since God has given the worldShow MoreRelatedMarx Vs. Locke1476 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Marx vs. Locke Work is something we do on a regular basis, it’s what gets us through our day and makes us who we are. In class, we discussed two authors who had a viewpoint on the idea of work. Rousseau and Marx express their opinions of the theory of work in their own writings. In Karl Marx’s reading called The Communist Manifesto he explains the differences and similarities between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat people. In Rousseau’s reading called Discourse on the Origins of InequalityRead MoreEssay about European Expansion Moves to the New World1653 Words   |  7 PagesThus in the beginning all the World was America. Interestingly, the development of Lockes ideas of property and money came at a time when Europeans expansion into the New World was just beginning to take hold (source). The very definition of economic imperialism is that countries expand their territories to collect resources in order to garner economic profit. The more robust economies tend to become t he most powerful nations, and so the control of resources is sought out in order to monopolize bothRead MoreThe Battle of European Socialism vs. American Capitalism2286 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ â€Å"The Battle of European Socialism vs. American Capitalism† Let the battle begin, on the left we have European Socialism and on the right we have American Capitalism! Round One: What is Capitalism? Capitalism is regarded as an economic system and a political strategy distinguished by certain characteristics whose development is conditioned by numerous variables. So how is Capitalism viewed in the United States of America? American Capitalism can be viewedRead MoreThe Philosophy Of Human Nature1534 Words   |  7 PagesPeriod in Greece, Plato and Aristotle significantly influenced society’s perception of human nature. Plato suggested that people were rational beings, and connected human nature with the concept of the soul, and the ability to reason. Aristotle’s views differed slightly in that he believed both the body and soul were essential to the human identity. In Eastern culture, people gravitated towards more positive outlooks on the true disposition of the hominid species. Esteemed for his exercise of nonviolentRead Mor e2074 Final Notes Essay6510 Words   |  27 Pages/ Duty to do something depends not on the other’s rights, but on the rational assessment of what is the right thing to do based on the various types of relationships that you have with that person. / The only thing that is intrinsically good is the good will, rationality to do what is right for the right reason. / Good will is the only thing fully under our control. / Good will is being motivated to do what is good for the right reasons. The right reasons are ones that are rational. / Motivation shouldRead MoreCleanth Brookss Essay Irony as a Principle of Structure9125 Words   |  37 Pagespractical essence of Marxism to a pitch of clarity and concreteness never before achieved. He has rescued this aspect of Marxism from an almost total oblivion and by virtue of this theoretical action he has once again placed in our hands the key to a right understanding of Marxist method. For it is our task — and this is the fundamental conviction underlying this book — to understand the essence of Marx’s method and to apply it correctly. In no sense do we aspire to ‘improve’ on it. If on a number ofRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesand provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughlyRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesYork ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database r ight Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproductionRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesand reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2011, 2007, 2005, 2002, 1998 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form

Why Drivers Should Not Be Mandatory - 1635 Words

In the United States, turning 16years is taken as an achievement for most teens because it is finally the time they get to drive a vehicle. A person endures painful driving lessons from his or her overprotective parents who grip on the passenger seat for dear life and lecture him or her for driving a bit fast.lastly, when a person is ready for driving test, he or she take the nerve-wrecking driving tests where if unlucky the driving supervisor would be a grumpy looking man who appear so tough that one can lose his or her nerve and begin making silly mistakes. Nevertheless, after going through the hardships and pain, an individual finally gets a license and a little taste of freedom. Unfortunately, drivers should not be capable to use their phones when driving a vehicle because it is dangerous for the driver and the pedestrian as well. The use of phones takes the driver’s attention off the road. Texting and driving causes fatal accidents, which is the leading cause of deaths among teens and is illegal in most countries. In fact, the usage of phones can cause wrecks and are usually fatal. The people who partake in texting and driving are jeopardizing others as well as themselves. It causes late delayed responses. Drivers require all of their senses, such as sight and hearing to drive. According to psychological study texting and driving puts the driver at a four times higher risk of crashes (Libby et al, 875). Texting and driving causes loss of attention and one single errorShow MoreRelatedWhy Banning the Use of Cell Phones While Driving Should Be Mandatory Nationwide1039 Words   |  5 PagesWhy Banning the Use of Cell Phones While Driving Should Be Mand atory Nationwide Dimuthu perera AC1304661   SP180.0.3 Principles of Public Speaking   Assignment 6_06 8/26/13 â€Å"WHY BANNING THE USE OF CELL PHONES WHILE DRIVING SHOULD BE MANDATORY NATIONWIDE† TITLE: Why Banning the Use of Cell Phones While Driving Should Be Mandatory Nationwide? A. General Purpose: Persuade B. Specific Purpose: Persuade my audience that banning the use of cell phones while driving should be mandatoryRead MoreWhy An Annual Mandatory Driving And Written Test Will Separate Those977 Words   |  4 Pages A long standing argument has been weather or not people of a certain age should no longer drive. With age comes a certain decline in vision, reflexes, hearing, and memory, that puts everyone on the road in jeopardy; however not everyone will have declining senses, which is why an annual mandatory driving and written test will separate those who can and can not operate a vehicle safely. These tests should be mandatory over a certain age. The driving test is important to better access relexesRead MoreEssay on The Government Should Mandate Helmet Use for All Cyclists1507 Words   |  7 PagesThe Government Should Mandate Helmet Use for All Cyclists Cuts, bruises and even broken bones will heal, but damage to your brain can last a lifetime. You can prevent possible injuries from unforeseen disasters such as smacking the street, sidewalk, curb, a car, tree or anything else around you by using safety precautions. In some cases, we are required to use safety measures, while in others we are merely advised. For instance, while driving an automobile, the law requires for all occupantsRead MoreDTSM Assignment882 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿1. DEMERIT POINT SYSTEM Demerit points are added to your driver’s licence, if you are convicted of breaking certain driving laws. The rules are different depending on if you are a new driver or have a full licence. This information will explain how the demerit points system works.   How demerit points work You don’t â€Å"lose† demerit points on your driving record. You start with zero points and gain points for being convicted of breaking certain traffic laws. Demerit points stay on your record forRead MoreHow Does the Bottle Taste in Prison? Essay769 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst time offenders include: having their driver’s licenses revoked and paying a fine ranging from $500-$2,000. All drunk drivers should be imprisoned for eight or more months because they are likely to repeat the offense, they cause most automobile fatalities/injuries, and drivers can participate in rehabilitation programs while incarcerated. The first reason drunk drivers should be imprisoned because they are likely to repeat the behavior. Sadly, a DUI does not stop offenders from repetitively havingRead MoreBanning the Use of Cell Phones While Driving Should Be Mandatory Nationwide671 Words   |  3 Pagesinform the audience of the dangers of using cellphones while driving and convince the audience why it is essential to ban use of cellphones while driving should be mandatory nationwide C. Central idea: with increased use of technology and more specifically cellphones there are an increased number of accidents due to distraction because of the use of cellphones while driving. Therefore, the government should pass legislation to ban cell phone usage while driving nationwide I. Introduction CellRead MoreRisks of Teenagers Obtaining a Drivers Licence790 Words   |  3 PagesBut that may change if they know that they have a much higher risk of having a motor accident than adult drivers. In the United States, driving accidents are a leading cause of death among teenagers. These accidents happen mostly in populated cities. This problem has caused each state to have its own driving laws for teens. Although this problem is already a priority in many states, it should get more attention from the general public, especially teens. It is important for people to know about drivingRead MoreA Website On Air Pollution1029 Words   |  5 PagesTo become a member of the Greenrides program, you pay $25 per year. You get the individual car rides for free, but would still pay $10 per shuttle ride. We the car manufactures are concerned that the next generation of drivers will not be educated enough on air pollution. They should be able to learn about air pollution for a small price. 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Consumer Behavior Free Essays

2. What is the basic difference between a fad, a fashion, a classic, and a trend? Provide example of each. A fashion refers to a style that is accepted by a large group of people at a given time such as skinny jeans. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some styles become classics, which are styles that become acceptable and in good taste anytime and place such as the classic black dress. A fad is a short lived fashion that suddenly becomes popular and quickly disappears; generally it only affects a specific group of the population such as low rise jeans wore by juniors. A trend is a general direction or movement as a style begins to be accepted such as the revival of high-waist jeans made from a light denim which also were worn in the 60-70s. 11. State some differences between the positivist and interpretivist approaches to consumer research. For each type of inquiry give examples of product dimensions what would be more usefully explored using that type of research over the other. Positivist assume the nature of reality is objective, tangible, and single, while the interprevisit believe that nature of reality is socially constructed and multiple, this should be used with products that are socially minded and include interactions based on technology such as social networking. Positivist have a goal of prediction which is good when trying to create trend reports and in the process of product development, while interpretivist goal is of understanding, this would be most useful when analyzing behavior toward products already on the market. . What is the difference between an enacted norm and a crescive norm? Identify the set of crescive norms operating when a man and a woman in your culture go out for dinner on a first date. What would they wear? An enacted norm are explicitly decided upon while crescive norms are embedded in a culture and are only discovered through interaction with other members’ of the culture. When a young man and woman go out on a first date, if they are both from the same culture then they are following crescive norms, because they are both following the norms which are accepted within their given culture. If they are both from completely different cultures, then they would be operating on enacted norms. What they would wear would be determined based upon what is accepted in their culture as appropriate wear for the occasion. 3. Read the Article â€Å" Body Ritual Among the Nacirema† and discuss what is going on. How to cite Consumer Behavior, Papers Consumer Behavior Free Essays string(72) " and they put on funny little skits when they are waiting on customers\." Chapter 01 Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategy Multiple Choice Questions 1. Why is China very attractive to marketers around the world? A. because it represents a collective approach to marketing in contrast to the traditional individualist approach used in the United States and other western cultures B. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chinese consumers are very brand loyal C. they are the heaviest users of the Internet D. Chinese teens are easier to understand because they are less â€Å"trendy† than teenagers from other countries E. because of its massive population, rising income, and emerging youth market . _____ is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. A. Marketing B. Consumer behavior C. Psychographics D. Demographics E. Psychology 3. One primary function of Harriet’s job is to study individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of her company’s products and services to satisfy needs and the impacts that hese processes have on the consumer and society. Harriet works in the field of _____. A. social psychology B. cognitive psycho logy C. management D. consumer behavior E. organizational behavior 4. Which of the following is NOT true regarding consumer behavior? A. Organizations are applying theories and information about consumer behavior on a daily basis. B. It is often necessary to conduct research. C. Consumer behavior is a complex, multidimensional process. D. The overall model of consumer behavior presented in the text is accurate in predicting consumer behavior. E. Marketing practices designed to influence consumer behavior involve ethical issues that affect the firm, the individual, and society. 5. Which of the following is a key aspect regarding consumer behavior? A. Organizations are applying theories and information about consumer behavior on a daily basis. B. It is often necessary to conduct research. C. Consumer behavior is a complex, multidimensional process. D. Marketing practices designed to influence consumer behavior involve ethical issues that affect the firm, the individual, and society. E. all of the above 6. Which of the following is NOT an application of consumer behavior? A. marketing strategy B. human resource management C. regulatory policy D. informed consumers E. social marketing 7. Thomas wants to gain a usable understanding of consumer behavior in order to help him become a more effective marketing manager. Which application of consumer behavior does this represent? A. marketing strategy B. regulatory policy C. social marketing D. informed consumers E. resource management 8. _____ is the application of marketing strategies and tactics to alter or create behaviors that have a positive effect on the targeted individuals or society as a whole. A. Social marketing B. Consumer behavior C. Regulation D. Proactive marketing E. Ethical marketing 9. Mia is concerned how her marketing activities will affect individual consumers as well as society at large. Mia is implementing _____. A. conscientious marketing B. regulated marketing C. ethical marketing D. proactive marketing E. social marketing 10. Most economically developed societies are legitimately referred to as _____ societies. A. marketing B. proactive C. consumption D. competitive E. enhanced 11. Which of the following is used by firms to influence consumers? A. ads B. ackages C. store environments D. sales pitches E. all of the above 12. To survive in a competitive environment, an organization must provide its target customers more _____ than is provided to them by its competition. A. product B. service C. value D. feedback E. attention 13. The difference between all the benefits derived from a total product and all the costs of acquiring those benefits is known as _____ . A. price B. position C. consumer behavior D. customer value E. equity 14. Laurie saved for six months to have enough money to buy a new designer outfit to wear to a special party. She had to travel to a larger city to purchase this outfit, but it was worth it to her because it made her feel beautiful and confident. The difference between the benefits Laurie perceived from this purchase and the cost to her to acquire these benefits describes her _____. A. consumer behavior B. customer value C. motivation D. equity difference E. perceptual field 15. It is critical that a firm consider value from which perspective? A. the competition’s B. the firm’s C. the customer’s D. the government’s E. the industry’s 16. How can an organization provide superior customer value to customers? A. y conducting market research B. by offering their products at the lowest price C. by offering extended warranty coverage on products D. by doing a better job of anticipating and reacting to customer needs than the competition does E. by offering more variations of a product 17. Marketing strategy begins with _____. A. market segmentation B. targeting C. conducting an outcomes assessment D. objective setting E. conducting a market analysis 18. Harold is tasked with developing the marketing strategy for his family’s business. What should he do first? A. segment the market B. conduct a market analysis C. ecide on which segments to target D. develop the marketing mix E. set objectives 19. Marketing strategy is formulated in terms of the marketing mix; that is, it involves determining the product, features, price, communications, distribution, and services that will provide customers with superior value. This entire set of characteristics is often referred to as the _____. A. total product B. customer value C. offering D. value proposition E. total value 20. Disney World in Orlando, FL has several theme parks, resorts, restaurants, and stores. Each is intentionally created to offer a memorable event for visitors. For example, the Wilderness Lodge is a large resort hotel on the grounds, and everything within it is made to look like log cabins and pioneer days. Even the casual restaurant has the wait staff dressed in pioneer costumes, and they put on funny little skits when they are waiting on customers. You read "Consumer Behavior" in category "Essay examples" Which of the following best describes what Disney is selling? A. a product B. a service C. a bundled product D. a bundled service E. an experience 21. _____ are small, convenient, open-air retailing complexes laid out to evoke the small-town shopping districts of previous generations. A. Malls B. Kiosks C. Town centers D. Lifestyle centers E. Micro-malls 22. Which of the following is a component of a market analysis? A. market segmentation B. objectives C. conditions D. price E. all of the above 23. Darren is conducting a market analysis for his business, and he has asked your advice on what he should be analyzing. Which of the following should he consider at this step of marketing strategy development? A. the company’s own ability to meet customer needs B. competitors’ capabilities and strategies C. consumers’ needs D. conditions in the market E. all of the above 24. Jamie is developing a thorough understanding of his company’s own capabilities, the capabilities of current and future competitors, the consumption process of potential customers, and the economic, physical, and technological environment in which these elements interact. Which step in the marketing strategy process is Jamie performing? A. setting objectives B. segmenting the market C. conducting a market analysis D. assessing the outcomes E. targeting the market 25. Which of the following aspects is evaluated when determining a firm’s ability to meet customer needs? A. financial condition B. general managerial skills C. roduction capabilities D. technological sophistication E. all of the above 26. Which of the following is NOT evaluated when analyzing a company’s own ability to meet customer needs? A. competitors B. financial strengths C. general managerial skills D. production capabilities E. reputation 27. As part of developing your company’s marketing s trategy, you are tasked with analyzing the new-product capabilities, channel strength, advertising abilities, service capabilities, marketing research abilities, and market and consumer knowledge. Which aspect of your company’s capabilities are you assessing? A. financial strength B. marketing skills C. general managerial skills D. production capabilities E. reputation 28. A portion of a larger market whose needs differ somewhat from the larger market is referred to as a(n) _____. A. market segment B. niche C. subgroup D. ancillary market E. secondary market 29. Smaller women like to purchase fashionable clothes just as much as any women. However, most clothes are not proportioned for their smaller size and do not fit well. As a result, several manufacturers offer â€Å"petite† sizes of clothing for this group of consumers. Women who comprise this group have needs that differ somewhat from the total market and represent a _____. A. demographic segment B. lifestyle segment C. market potential D. sub-market E. market segment 30. Tracking consumers’ online activity and delivering specific banner ads based on that activity is known as _____. A. clickstream B. blogging C. spam D. behavioral targeting E. electronic targeting 31. Tacoda Systems tracks consumers’ online activity and delivers specific banners based on that activity. This tracking and ad delivery system has been installed on almost 3,000 Web sites, and advertisers pay on a pay-for-performance basis, which means that advertisers pay Tacoda Systems only when a consumer clicks on their ad. The tracking of online activity and delivery of ads based on that activity is called _____. A. click-throughs B. behavioral targeting C. spamming D. blogging E. cookie targeting 32. What is the first step in market segmentation? A. describe each group B. group customers with similar needs sets C. identify product-related need sets D. select an attractive segment to serve E. set objectives for segmenting 33. What is the LAST step in market segmentation? A. describing each group B. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve C. identifying product-related need sets D. grouping customers with similar need sets E. eciding the segmenting scheme 34. Which of the following is NOT a step in market segmentation? A. set budget B. identify product-related need sets C. group customers with similar need sets D. describe each group E. select an attractive segment(s) to serve 35. Carlos is attempting to segment the market for his company’s products. Where should he begin? A. set objectives B . identify product-related need sets C. group customers with similar need sets D. describe each group E. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve 36. Which term reflects the fact that most products in developed economies satisfy more than one need? A. multiplicity B. duplicity C. need array D. need set E. value proposition 37. Barry is looking for a car that is dependable yet stylish enough to let others know that he has achieved a respectable status in his life and career. He also wants it to be a high-performance automobile. Dependability, status, and performance represent Barry’s _____. A. self-image B. need set C. alter ego D. unarticulated needs E. lifestyle 38. Which of the following is used to describe a group of consumers with similar needs sets? A. demographics B. lifestyles C. media usage D. a and b E. a, b, and c 39. Talbot’s is a women’s clothing store that offers classic fashions at a slightly premium price (i. e. , a wool skirt typically costs over $100). During the process of market segmentation, Talbot’s identified a group of consumers who are larger than average women yet still want stylish clothing. Further research into this segment revealed that these women tend to be between the ages of 35 and 50, are career-oriented, have a household income over $50,000, and are married with children under the age of 18 living at home. This group is also heavy users of magazines and newspapers as well as prime-time television. Which step of market segmentation does this describe? A. identifying product-related need sets B. grouping customer with similar need sets C. describing each group D. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve E. profiling current customers 40. The segment(s) within the larger market on which an organization will focus its marketing effort is referred to as the _____. A. need set B. target market C. customer set D. strategic market E. primary market 41. J Produce is a distributor of fresh produce. They conducted a thorough analysis of its market and identified groups of consumers that had similar product-related needs. One particular market identified wanted fresh and unique produce, such as Swiss chard, radicchio, and exotic fruits, and they were willing to pay higher prices for these choices. J Produce decided to focus its marketing effort on this segment of the total market. This segment is J’s _____. A. need set B. primary market C. customer set D. target market E. market focus 42. Which of the following is used to evaluate the attractiveness of various market segments? A. segment size B. distribution available C. fit with company image D. cost to serve E. all of the above 43. Juan has segmented the market for boats and is currently analyzing each with respect to several factors, such as size, growth rate, competitor strength, fit with company image, distribution available, cost to serve, and risk before deciding which segment to target. Which step of market segmentation is Juan conducting? A. identifying product-related need sets B. grouping customer with similar need sets C. describing each group D. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve E. profiling current customers 44. The product, price, communications, distribution, and services provided to the target market is referred to as the _____. A. need set B. marketing mix C. marketing set D. decision set E. value proposition 45. Which of the following is part of the marketing mix? A. product B. price C. communications D. distribution E. all of the above 46. A(n) _____ is anything a consumer acquires or might acquire to meet a perceived need. A. satisfier B. end state C. product D. value proposition E. outcome 47. To be successful, a product must _____. A. meet the needs of the target market better than the competition does B. be lower priced than competitors’ products C. be of higher quality than competitors’ products D. be advertised more than competitors’ products E. have greater distribution than the competition does 48. _____ include(s) advertising, the sales force, public relations, packaging, and any other signal that the firm provides about itself and its products. A. Value promotions B. Brand equity C. Distribution D. Market segmentation E. Marketing communications 49. Which of the following is included in marketing communications? A. advertising B. sales force C. public relations D. packaging E. all of the above 50. Which of the following is NOT a critical question for developing marketing communications? A. Who do we want to communicate with? B. What effect do we want to have? C. What message will achieve the desired result? D. What media should we use? E. all of the above are critical questions 51. _____ is the amount of money one must pay to obtain the right to use the product. A. Consumer cost B. Total cost C. Price D. Value E. Customer value 52. Amy purchased a new 32†³ LCD high-definition television and paid $1,999 for it. This amount of money Amy had to pay to obtain this product is known as the _____. A. total cost B. value C. value proposition D. price E. consumer cost 53. _____ is everything the consumer must surrender in order to receive the benefits of owning/using the product. A. Value B. Consumer cost C. Price D. Opportunity cost E. Value proposition 54. Timothy and his wife are considering the purchase of a new car. In addition to the price, they are also considering the cost of insurance, gasoline, maintenance, finance charges, and license fees. All of these factors combined represent the _____. A. value B. price C. opportunity cost D. consumer cost E. value proposition 55. Which element of the marketing mix is concerned with having the product available where target customers can buy it? A. product B. price C. distribution D. communications E. placement 56. Tony’s job entails making sure his company’s products get to retailers so that target customers can buy them. Which element of the marketing mix is Tony involved with? A. product B. price C. distribution D. communications E. placement 57. Auxiliary or peripheral activities that are performed to enhance the primary product or primary service is referred to as _____. A. service B. supplemental product C. intangible benefits D. secondary product E. ancillary attributes 58. Which of the following is NOT considered one of the firm’s outcomes of the marketing strategy and consumer behavior process? A. product position B. ustomer satisfaction C. service D. sales and profits E. all of the above are considered outcomes for the firm 59. An image of the product or brand in the consumer’s mind relative to competing products and brands is referred to as the product’s _____. A. equity B. extension C. message D. placement E. position 60. A product’s positio n refers to _____. A. its shelf location in retail stores B. an image of the product in the consumer’s mind relative to competing products C. its price relative to other products in the firm’s product line D. its price relative to competitors’ products E. its stage in the product development process 1. Rod is surveying consumers to gain a better understanding of his restaurant’s image relative to competing restaurants. Rod is concerned with his restaurant’s _____. A. position B. equity C. placement D. driver E. satisfaction index 62. Which outcome of marketing strategy produces the revenue necessary for the firm to continue in business? A. customer satisfaction B. product position C. consumption D. social welfare E. sales and profits 63. John purchases and is satisfied with his SUV because he believes that it provides greater crash safety than a sedan even though this is not technically true. John’s satisfaction is based on the distinction between _____. A. primary need fulfillment and secondary need fulfillment B. actual need fulfillment and perceived need fulfillment C. initial need fulfillment and repeat need fulfillment D. articulated need fulfillment and unarticulated need fulfillment E. attribute fulfillment and benefit fulfillment 64. _____ occurs when individuals or groups make consumption decisions that have negative consequence for their long-run well-being. A. Disintermediation B. Conspicuous consumption C. Disenfranchisement D. Injurious consumption E. Demarketing 65. Bob and his friends go out every weekend and drink until they get drunk. Then they drive home in that condition. Which type of consumption does this represent? A. injurious consumption B. severe consumption C. conspicuous consumption D. unethical consumption E. anti-social consumption 66. Which of the following is a societal outcome of marketing strategy and consumer behavior? A. sales B. need satisfaction C. social welfare D. customer satisfaction E. product position 67. Which of the following is NOT a societal outcome of marketing strategy and consumer behavior? A. economic outcomes B. ustomer satisfaction C. physical environment outcomes D. social welfare E. all of the above are societal outcomes 68. Which is NOT a step in the consumer’s decision process? A. information search B. postpurchase processes C. problem recognition D. alternative evaluation and selection E. self-concept analysis 69. Which of the following is an internal influence on consumer behavior? A. culture B . family C. attitudes D. marketing activities E. reference groups 70. Which is NOT an external influence on consumer behavior? A. culture B. family C. social status D. perception E. marketing activities 71. Teresa is trying to understand her customers better. She is examining the external influences that shape her customers’ self-concepts and lifestyles. Which of the following is a possible external influence Teresa could examine? A. motives B. personality C. perception D. attitudes E. culture 72. Liz Claiborne is a brand of clothing, accessories, and home products. Brand managers at this company are trying to learn which internal influences impact their customers’ needs and desires most. Which of the following is a possible internal influence these managers should examine? A. culture B. personality C. demographics D. family E. social status 73. What is the first step in the consumer decision process? A. problem recognition B. budget setting C. information search D. outlet selection E. alternative evaluation and selection 74. Which of the following statements is true regarding the overall model of consumer behavior? A. It is sufficiently detailed so as to predict particular behaviors. B. Family and culture are internal influences on consumer behavior. C. Personality, emotions, and attitudes represent external influences on consumer behavior. D. A consumer’s self-concept and lifestyle influence his or her needs and desires. E. Experiences and acquisitions have little effect on the process. 75. The totality of an individual’s thoughts and feelings about him- or herself is known as _____. A. lifestyle B. self-concept C. internal influences D. external influences E. consumption outcomes 76. _____ represents how one lives, including the products one buys, how one uses them, what one thinks about them, and how one feels about them. A. Lifestyle B. Self-concept C. Position D. Status E. Social class 77. Which type of decisions involve very little effort or thought on the part of the consumer? A. rimary decisions B. top-of-mind decisions C. low-involvement decisions D. automatic decisions E. self-related decisions 78. Karen was at the checkout at the grocery store and remembered that she was out of chewing gum that she normally likes to keep in her purse. Without much thought, she grabbed two packages of the gum she likes. What type of consumer decision does this illustration? A. primary decision B. top- of-mind decision C. low-involvement decision D. automatic decision E. self-related decision 79. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the working poor? A. They are forced to spend a disproportionate percentage of their income on housing, utilities, and medical care. B. They generally rely on public transportation. C. They spend a larger portion of their relatively small incomes on meals away from home. D. They spend very little on their own financial security. E. They spend the same percent of their income as do higher income consumers on apparel and accessories. 80. What does the consumption of a product like Nikes mean to Andre, the working poor consumer discussed in the â€Å"Consumer Insight†? A. that he can afford a brand that is superior in meeting his physical needs B. is peers will now accept him C. they serve as a visible symbol that he is back as a successful member of society D. he peers will try to be more like him E. they serve as a reminder of what he used to have True / False Questions 81. Consumer behavior is a complex, multidimensional process. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 82. Marketing decisions and regulations ar e based on exact knowledge of consumer behavior. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 83. Economically developed societies are often referred to as marketing societies. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 84. It is critical that a firm consider value from the customer’s perspective. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 85. Marketing strategy begins with objective setting. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 86. Product features, price, communications, distribution, and services together are often referred to as customer value. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 87. Small, convenient, open-air retailing complexes are called town centers. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 88. Marketing skills include a firm’s financial expertise, general managerial skills, production capabilities, research and development capabilities, technological sophistication, and reputation. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 89. Tracking consumers’ online activity and sending them specific banner ads based on that activity is known as behavioral targeting. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 90. The term used to reflect the fact that most products in developed economies satisfy more than one need is customer value. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 91. A target market is that segment(s) of the larger market on which a company will focus its marketing effort. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 92. The outcomes of a firm’s marketing strategy are determined by its interaction with the consumer decision process. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 93. Two key processes involved in need satisfaction are the actual need fulfillment and the perceived need fulfillment. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 94. A consumer’s needs and desires are shaped by his or her self-concept and lifestyle. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False 95. Lifestyle is the totality of an individual’s thoughts and feelings about him- or herself. True  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  False Essay Questions 96. Describe the field of consumer behavior, and discuss the four key aspects of consumer behavior that make it an important area of study. 97. List and briefly describe applications of consumer behavior. 98. List and briefly describe the four steps involved in market segmentation. 99. Briefly describe the outcomes of marketing strategy for the firm, consumers, and society. 100. Alex is developing the marketing strategy for a brand of men’s clothing. Before he develops his strategy, Alex will conduct research to better understand his customers. Briefly describe a conceptual model that includes the factors he should consider in his research. Chapter 01 Consumer Behavior and Marketing Strategy Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions 1. (p. 5)  Why is China very attractive to marketers around the world? A. because it represents a collective approach to marketing in contrast to the traditional individualist approach used in the United States and other western cultures B. Chinese consumers are very brand loyal C. they are the heaviest users of the Internet D. Chinese teens are easier to understand because they are less â€Å"trendy† than teenagers from other countries E. because of its massive population, rising income, and emerging youth market Difficulty: moderate 2. (p. 6)  _____ is the study of individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. A. Marketing B. Consumer behavior C. Psychographics D. Demographics E. Psychology Difficulty: easy 3. (p. )  One primary function of Harriet’s job is to study individuals, groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of her company’s products and services to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. Harriet works in the field of _____. A. social psychology B. cognitive psychology C. management D. consum er behavior E. organizational behavior Difficulty: easy 4. (p. 7)  Which of the following is NOT true regarding consumer behavior? A. Organizations are applying theories and information about consumer behavior on a daily basis. B. It is often necessary to conduct research. C. Consumer behavior is a complex, multidimensional process. D. The overall model of consumer behavior presented in the text is accurate in predicting consumer behavior. E. Marketing practices designed to influence consumer behavior involve ethical issues that affect the firm, the individual, and society. Difficulty: hard 5. (p. 7)  Which of the following is a key aspect regarding consumer behavior? A. Organizations are applying theories and information about consumer behavior on a daily basis. B. It is often necessary to conduct research. C. Consumer behavior is a complex, multidimensional process. D. Marketing practices designed to influence consumer behavior involve ethical issues that affect the firm, the individual, and society. E. all of the above Difficulty: easy 6. (p. 9-11)  Which of the following is NOT an application of consumer behavior? A. marketing strategy B. human resource management C. regulatory policy D. informed consumers E. social marketing Difficulty: moderate 7. (p. 9)  Thomas wants to gain a usable understanding of consumer behavior in order to help him become a more effective marketing manager. Which application of consumer behavior does this represent? A. marketing strategy B. regulatory policy C. social marketing D. informed consumers E. resource management Difficulty: moderate 8. (p. 10)  _____ is the application of marketing strategies and tactics to alter or create behaviors that have a positive effect on the targeted individuals or society as a whole. A. Social marketing B. Consumer behavior C. Regulation D. Proactive marketing E. Ethical marketing Difficulty: moderate 9. (p. 10)  Mia is concerned how her marketing activities will affect individual consumers as well as society at large. Mia is implementing _____. A. conscientious marketing B. regulated marketing C. ethical marketing D. proactive marketing E. social marketing Difficulty: moderate 10. (p. 10)  Most economically developed societies are legitimately referred to as _____ societies. A. marketing B. proactive C. consumption D. competitive E. enhanced Difficulty: moderate 11. (p. 11)  Which of the following is used by firms to influence consumers? A. ads B. packages C. store environments D. sales pitches E. all of the above Difficulty: easy 12. (p. 11)  To survive in a competitive environment, an organization must provide its target customers more _____ than is provided to them by its competition. A. product B. service C. value D. feedback E. attention Difficulty: moderate 13. (p. 11)  The difference between all the benefits derived from a total product and all the costs of acquiring those benefits is known as _____. A. price B. position C. consumer behavior D. customer value E. equity Difficulty: moderate 14. (p. 11)  Laurie saved for six months to have enough money to buy a new designer outfit to wear to a special party. She had to travel to a larger city to purchase this outfit, but it was worth it to her because it made her feel beautiful and confident. The difference between the benefits Laurie perceived from this purchase and the cost to her to acquire these benefits describes her _____. A. consumer behavior B. customer value C. motivation D. equity difference E. perceptual field Difficulty: hard 15. (p. 11)  It is critical that a firm consider value from which perspective? A. the competition’s B. the firm’s C. the customer’s D. the government’s E. the industry’s Difficulty: easy 16. (p. 11)  How can an organization provide superior customer value to customers? A. by conducting market research B. by offering their products at the lowest price C. y offering extended warranty coverage on products D. by doing a better job of anticipating and reacting to customer needs than the competition does E. by offering more variations of a product Difficulty: hard 17. (p. 11)  Marketing strategy begins with _____. A. market segmentation B. targeting C. conducting an outcomes assessment D. objective setti ng E. conducting a market analysis Difficulty: moderate 18. (p. 11)  Harold is tasked with developing the marketing strategy for his family’s business. What should he do first? A. segment the market B. conduct a market analysis C. decide on which segments to target D. evelop the marketing mix E. set objectives Difficulty: moderate 19. (p. 12)  Marketing strategy is formulated in terms of the marketing mix; that is, it involves determining the product, features, price, communications, distribution, and services that will provide customers with superior value. This entire set of characteristics is often referred to as the _____. A. total product B. customer value C. offering D. value proposition E. total value Difficulty: moderate 20. (p. 13)  Disney World in Orlando, FL has several theme parks, resorts, restaurants, and stores. Each is intentionally created to offer a memorable event for visitors. For example, the Wilderness Lodge is a large resort hotel on the grounds, and everything within it is made to look like log cabins and pioneer days. Even the casual restaurant has the wait staff dressed in pioneer costumes, and they put on funny little skits when they are waiting on customers. Which of the following best describes what Disney is selling? A. a product B. a service C. a bundled product D. a bundled service E. an experience Difficulty: hard 21. (p. 14)  _____ are small, convenient, open-air retailing complexes laid out to evoke the small-town shopping districts of previous generations. A. Malls B. Kiosks C. Town centers D. Lifestyle centers E. Micro-malls Difficulty: hard 22. (p. 14-16)  Which of the following is a component of a market analysis? A. market segmentation B. objectives C. conditions D. price E. all of the above Difficulty: moderate 23. (p. 14-16)  Darren is conducting a market analysis for his business, and he has asked your advice on what he should be analyzing. Which of the following should he consider at this step of marketing strategy development? A. the company’s own ability to meet customer needs B. competitors’ capabilities and strategies C. consumers’ needs D. conditions in the market E. all of the above Difficulty: moderate 4. (p. 14)  Jamie is developing a thorough understanding of his company’s own capabilities, the capabilities of current and future competitors, the consumption process of potential customers, and the economic, physical, and technological environment in which these elements interact. Which step in the marketing strategy proc ess is Jamie performing? A. setting objectives B. segmenting the market C. conducting a market analysis D. assessing the outcomes E. targeting the market Difficulty: moderate 25. (p. 15)  Which of the following aspects is evaluated when determining a firm’s ability to meet customer needs? A. financial condition B. general managerial skills C. production capabilities D. technological sophistication E. all of the above Difficulty: easy 26. (p. 15)  Which of the following is NOT evaluated when analyzing a company’s own ability to meet customer needs? A. competitors B. financial strengths C. general managerial skills D. production capabilities E. reputation Difficulty: moderate 27. (p. 15)  As part of developing your company’s marketing strategy, you are tasked with analyzing the new-product capabilities, channel strength, advertising abilities, service capabilities, marketing research abilities, and market and consumer knowledge. Which aspect of your company’s capabilities are you assessing? A. financial strength B. marketing skills C. general managerial skills D. production capabilities E. reputation Difficulty: easy 28. (p. 16)  A portion of a larger market whose needs differ somewhat from the larger market is referred to as a(n) _____. A. market segment B. niche C. subgroup D. ancillary market E. secondary market Difficulty: moderate 29. (p. 16)  Smaller women like to purchase fashionable clothes just as much as any women. However, most clothes are not proportioned for their smaller size and do not fit well. As a result, several manufacturers offer â€Å"petite† sizes of clothing for this group of consumers. Women who comprise this group have needs that differ somewhat from the total market and represent a _____. A. demographic segment B. lifestyle segment C. market potential D. sub-market E. market segment Difficulty: hard 30. (p. 16)  Tracking consumers’ online activity and delivering specific banner ads based on that activity is known as _____. A. clickstream B. blogging C. spam D. behavioral targeting E. electronic targeting Difficulty: moderate 31. (p. 6)  Tacoda Systems tracks consumers’ online activity and delivers specific banners based on that activity. This tracking and ad delivery system has been installed on almost 3,000 Web sites, and advertisers pay on a pay-for-performance basis, which means that advertisers pay Tacoda Systems only when a consumer clicks on their ad. The tracking of online activity and delivery of ads based on that activity is call ed _____. A. click-throughs B. behavioral targeting C. spamming D. blogging E. cookie targeting Difficulty: hard 32. (p. 16)  What is the first step in market segmentation? A. escribe each group B. group customers with similar needs sets C. identify product-related need sets D. select an attractive segment to serve E. set objectives for segmenting Difficulty: moderate 33. (p. 16)  What is the LAST step in market segmentation? A. describing each group B. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve C. identifying product-related need sets D. grouping customers with similar need sets E. deciding the segmenting scheme Difficulty: moderate 34. (p. 16)  Which of the following is NOT a step in market segmentation? A. set budget B. identify product-related need sets C. roup customers with similar need sets D. describe each group E. select an attractive segment(s) to serve Difficulty: hard 35. (p. 16)  Carlos is attempting to segment the market for his company’s products. Wher e should he begin? A. set objectives B. identify product-related need sets C. group customers with similar need sets D. describe each group E. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve Difficulty: hard 36. (p. 16)  Which term reflects the fact that most products in developed economies satisfy more than one need? A. multiplicity B. duplicity C. need array D. need set E. value proposition Difficulty: moderate 37. (p. 16-17)  Barry is looking for a car that is dependable yet stylish enough to let others know that he has achieved a respectable status in his life and career. He also wants it to be a high-performance automobile. Dependability, status, and performance represent Barry’s _____. A. self-image B. need set C. alter ego D. unarticulated needs E. lifestyle Difficulty: hard 38. (p. 18)  Which of the following is used to describe a group of consumers with similar needs sets? A. demographics B. lifestyles C. media usage D. a and b E. a, b, and c Difficulty: moderate 39. (p. 8)  Talbot’s is a women’s clothing store that offers classic fashions at a slightly premium price (i. e. , a wool skirt typically costs over $100). During the process of market segmentation, Talbot’s identified a group of consumers who are larger than average women yet still want stylish clothing. Further research into this segment revealed that these women tend to be between the ages of 35 and 50, are career-oriented, have a household income over $50,000, and are married with children under the age of 18 living at home. This group is also heavy users of magazines and newspapers as well as prime-time television. Which step of market segmentation does this describe? A. identifying product-related need sets B. grouping customer with similar need sets C. describing each group D. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve E. profiling current customers Difficulty: moderate 40. (p. 18)  The segment(s) within the larger market on which an organization will focus its marketing effort is referred to as the _____. A. need set B. target market C. customer set D. strategic market E. primary market Difficulty: easy 41. (p. 18)  JJ Produce is a distributor of fresh produce. They conducted a thorough analysis of its market and identified groups of consumers that had similar product-related needs. One particular market identified wanted fresh and unique produce, such as Swiss chard, radicchio, and exotic fruits, and they were willing to pay higher prices for these choices. JJ Produce decided to focus its marketing effort on this segment of the total market. This segment is JJ’s _____. A. need set B. primary market C. customer set D. target market E. market focus Difficulty: moderate 42. (p. 18-19)  Which of the following is used to evaluate the attractiveness of various market segments? A. segment size B. distribution available C. fit with company image D. cost to serve E. all of the above Difficulty: easy 43. (p. 18-19)  Juan has segmented the market for boats and is currently analyzing each with respect to several factors, such as size, growth rate, competitor strength, fit with company image, distribution available, cost to serve, and risk before deciding which segment to target. Which step of market segmentation is Juan conducting? A. identifying product-related need sets B. grouping customer with similar need sets C. describing each group D. selecting an attractive segment(s) to serve E. rofiling current customers Difficulty: hard 44. (p. 19)  The product, price, communications, distribution, and services provided to the target market is referred to as the _____. A. need set B. marketing mix C. marketing set D. decision set E. value proposition Difficulty: easy 45. (p. 19)  Which of the following is part of the marketing mix? A. product B. price C. commun ications D. distribution E. all of the above Difficulty: easy 46. (p. 19)  A(n) _____ is anything a consumer acquires or might acquire to meet a perceived need. A. satisfier B. end state C. product D. value proposition E. outcome Difficulty: moderate 7. (p. 20)  To be successful, a product must _____. A. meet the needs of the target market better than the competition does B. be lower priced than competitors’ products C. be of higher quality than competitors’ products D. be advertised more than competitors’ products E. have greater distribution than the competition does Difficulty: easy 48. (p. 20)  _____ include(s) advertising, the sales force, public relations, packaging, and any other signal that the firm provides about itself and its products. A. Value promotions B. Brand equity C. Distribution D. Market segmentation E. Marketing communications Difficulty: easy 9. (p. 20)  Which of the following is included in marketing communications? A. advertising B. sales force C. public relations D. packaging E. all of the above Difficulty: easy 50. (p. 20-21)  Which of the following is NOT a critical question for developing marketing communications? A. Who do we want to communicate with? B. What effect do we want to have? C. What message will achieve the desired result? D. What media should we use? E. all of the above are critical questions Difficulty: moderate 51. (p. 21)  _____ is the amount of money one must pay to obtain the right to use the product. A. Consumer cost B. Total cost C. Price D. Value E. Customer value Difficulty: easy 52. (p. 21)  Amy purchased a new 32†³ LCD high-definition television and paid $1,999 for it. This amount of money Amy had to pay to obtain this product is known as the _____. A. total cost B. value C. value proposition D. price E. consumer cost Difficulty: moderate 53. (p. 22)  _____ is everything the consumer must surrender in order to receive the benefits of owning/using the product. A. Value B. Consumer cost C. Price D. Opportunity cost E. Value proposition Difficulty: moderate 54. (p. 22)  Timothy and his wife are considering the purchase of a new car. In addition to the price, they are also considering the cost of insurance, gasoline, maintenance, finance charges, and license fees. All of these factors combined represent the _____. A. value B. price C. opportunity cost D. consumer cost E. value proposition Difficulty: moderate 55. (p. 22)  Which element of the marketing mix is concerned with having the product available where target customers can buy it? A. product B. price C. distribution D. communications E. placement Difficulty: easy 56. (p. 22)  Tony’s job entails making sure his company’s products get to retailers so that target customers can buy them. Which element of the marketing mix is Tony involved with? A. product B. price C. distribution D. communications E. placement Difficulty: moderate 57. (p. 22)  Auxiliary or peripheral activities that are performed to enhance the primary product or primary service is referred to as _____. A. service B. supplemental product C. intangible benefits D. secondary product E. ancillary attributes Difficulty: moderate 58. (p. 23)  Which of the following is NOT considered one of the firm’s outcomes of the marketing strategy and consumer behavior process? A. product position B. customer satisfaction C. service How to cite Consumer Behavior, Essay examples