Dream Interpretation And Interpretation Therapy Essays -

Dream Interpretation And Interpretation Therapy Dream Interpretation and Dream Interpretation Therapy There are many facts that are unknown about dreams and their meanings. For centuries, philosophers and scientists have tried to understand the meaning of dreams. They have all been fascinated by the fact that the content of dreams may have meanings relating to one's life. Are dreams just thoughts in people's minds, or are dreams in fact representations of different areas in people's lives? Dreams represent many different areas of one's life in physical, emotional, and mental ways. Dreams can relay to people facts about their lives that they are not even aware of. There are also many ways that dreams can help cure different physical, emotional, and mental problems in one's life. This paper will discuss dreams and their meanings, and ways of interpreting a dream using such methods as hypnotherapy and psychoanalysis therapy that can help a person in physical, mental, and emotional ways. The first fact that will be discussed is what dreams are and how they work for people in allowing the person to discover more about himself. Dreams can be defined as ?a conscious series of images that occur during sleep? (Collier's, vol. 8). Dreams are usually very vivid in color and imagery. They reveal to the dreamer different wishes, concerns, and worries that he or she has. Dreams usually reflect every part of who the dreamer is. The content of the person's dream is usually made up according to how old the dreamer is and how educated the he or she is (Collier's, vol. 8). Dreams are not planned out or thought up. The unconscious part of the mind brings out bits and pieces of information in the dreamer's mind and places them together. According to Encarta, dreams are almost always visual. Forty to fifty percent of dreams have some form of communication present in them and a very small percentage of dreams give the dreamer the ability to use his or her five senses (Encarta). Dreams allow one to take a closer look into his mind and himself in a quest for self-discovery. Dreams can be used to solve all different types of problems. In Sigmund Freud's book, The Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud states: ?As regards the dream, all the troubles of waking life are transferred by it to the sleeping state [?]? (Freud 113). They relay things about a person that the person may not be able to see. Sigmund Freud says that certain images in dreams sometimes have significant meanings relating to the person's life. Different objects in the dream may serve as a symbol (Kalb 77). Symbols in dreams usually mean something much deeper than simply being an object that just happens to be in the dream. They represent different areas of one's life that deal with one's physical, mental, and emotional being. These symbols will relay information about one's life if these symbols are interpreted. Dreams are ?a private language, known only to ourselves? (Cartwright 5). Dreams have the ability to relieve all people of their everyday problems in life. They have a way of setting one free from reality, which includes all of one's problems. Dreams help one to overcome these stresses and help people to get on with their lives. Sigmund Freud states, ?The waking life never repeats itself with its trials and joys, its pleasures and pains, but, on the contrary, the dream aims to relieve us of these? (qtd. in Burdach 474). This statement means that though a certain experience in a person's life can never happen again, dreams allow the person to relive those memories, and they can also allow the person to overcome the stresses of other memories that bother him or her. Memories that continue to stay in people's minds from their childhood are very often included somehow in the dream. No memory that a person has once experienced will ever be lost because it is stored within the person's mind and kept there. A person's conscious mind is the mind that he uses when he is awake and aware of what he is doing. The conscious mind has the ability to make distinctions between reality and the fantasy world. A person is able to

Free Essays on A Tree Grows In Brooklyn

Betty Smith: Brooklyn Growth I.About the Author Through the many works of her career, Betty Smith became Brooklyn's unofficial advocate and was published to critical acclaim and best-seller status with her commentary of the general struggle through life in the early 1900s. Smith, like her main character, grew up impoverished in early twentieth century Brooklyn and went to the University of Michigan without a high school diploma, where she took literary classes and wrote plays. Smith went on to win the Avery Hopkins Award for work in drama, taught a three-year playwriting course at Yale, wrote features for a Detroit newspaper, worked under the auspices of the Works Project Administration in the Federal Theatre project in New York. Her writings during this period of her career garnered a Rockefeller Fellowship, a Dramatist Guild Fellowship, and the Sir Walter Raleigh award for fiction. As the critics lauded A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (it was the first work of fiction by a woman to occupy first place on the New York Times best seller list), the press and the public fell in love with the working-class celebrity of Betty Smith. Smith’s novels were characteristically by, for, and about the underprivileged and the events, politics, and ideals which surround them. The prestige of writing a best-selling critically lauded book brought assignments from the New York Times Magazine where, among other things, she wrote an acclaimed piece called "Why Brooklyn is that Way." Throughout the years, Smith’s works have garnered numerous critical and literary praises and has been cited as an influence in many writers and public figures lives. Oprah Winfrey has named it one of the most influential books in her life and has since promoted it in her Book of the Month Club; The New York Public Library even chose the book as one of the "Books of the Century." Theme: In Betty Smith’s A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Smith shows the effects of alcoholism, tr... Free Essays on A Tree Grows In Brooklyn Free Essays on A Tree Grows In Brooklyn Betty Smith: Brooklyn Growth I. About the Author Through the many works of her career, Betty Smith became Brooklyn's unofficial advocate and was published to critical acclaim and best-seller status with her commentary of the general struggle through life in the early 1900s. Smith, like her main character, grew up impoverished in early twentieth century Brooklyn and went to the University of Michigan without a high school diploma, where she took literary classes and wrote plays. Smith went on to win the Avery Hopkins Award for work in drama, taught a three-year playwriting course at Yale, wrote features for a Detroit newspaper, worked under the auspices of the Works Project Administration in the Federal Theatre project in New York. Her writings during this period of her career garnered a Rockefeller Fellowship, a Dramatist Guild Fellowship, and the Sir Walter Raleigh award for fiction. As the critics lauded A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (it was the first work of fiction by a woman to occupy first place on the New York Times best seller list), the press and the public fell in love with the working-class celebrity of Betty Smith. Smith’s novels were characteristically by, for, and about the underprivileged and the events, politics, and ideals which surround them. The prestige of writing a best-selling critically lauded book brought assignments from the New York Times Magazine where, among other things, she wrote an acclaimed piece called "Why Brooklyn is that Way." Throughout the years, Smith’s works have garnered numerous critical and literary praises and has been cited as an influence in many writers and public figures lives. Oprah Winfrey has named it one of the most influential books in her life and has since promoted it in her Book of the Month Club; The New York Public Library even chose the book as one of the "Books of the Century." Theme: In Betty Smith’s A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, Smith shows the effects of alcoholism, tr...

The Steele of Naram-Sin and the palette of Narmer Assignment

The Steele of Naram-Sin and the palette of Narmer - Assignment Example In both art pieces, the Kings get depicted as deity and religious views of the ancient Egyptians. The Steele shows Naram-Sin wearing a helmet with horns signifying his divine power. Through his divine power, it appears okay for him to violently rule over those against him. The Steele also shows Naram-Sin looking up towards the sky. He looks at the suns above the mountains probably signifying a greater power than him. It appears he is showing respect to God. The palette shows the religious and ritualistic side of the ancient Egyptians. On the backside of the palette of Narmer, there is a sandal bearer next to Narmer who holds his sandals. This implies that Narmer is standing on holy ground. Narmer stands on holy ground before slaying his captive. This implies that Narmer is about to perform a holy act that is right by the gods eyes. He appears as a deity who gets allowed to perform such slaying rituals. At the top of the palette, there is the heads of Harthor who is a goddess of the h eavens, women, and a protector of the king. The inscriptions on the palette ascribe to the religious beliefs of the Egyptians.The victory Steele shows victory over the Lullubi mountain people while the Palette signifies the unification of ancient lower and Upper Egypt On the Steele, Naram-Sin climbs up the top of a mountain followed by a fleet of his soldiers who walk over their enemies. The Steele gets used to depict Naram-Sin’s conquest of the Lullubi mountain people. The king on the Steele tramples on the bodies of his enemies. who lie below him. The palette of Narmer represents the unification of the ancient two Egyptian kingdoms into one. On the backside of the palette, Narmer adorns the white crown of Upper Egypt. On the opposite end of the palette, he wears the red crown of Lower Egypt (Fred 42). Wearing both crowns on the same palette indicates that he is the ruler of both kingdoms. There is also presence of the papyrus plant which represents Lower Egypt. The front si de of the palette has two feline type beasts that get intertwined. This further signifies unity

Advise VALCOs management about possible ways of managing a cash Essay

Advise VALCOs management about possible ways of managing a cash deficit in the short and long-term - Essay Example For example, the actual cash disbursements exceed budgeted cash out flow for wages and taxes, amount payable for supplies, or even dividend payments to shareholders. This being said, a firm usually prepares a cash budget before time to forecast the cash disbursements and receivables it will realize in near future. The cash inflow is subtracted from cash outflow (or payments) and the result is a cash deficit or a cash surplus depending on which amount is higher than the other. A cash deficit, when not financed, will carry over the next period. Consistent deficits of the cash budget reflect inefficient cash management, and because cash is an important resource, it has to be managed effectively. There are many ways to manage a cash deficit in the short term. Short term means a period of one year or less. Valco has two options to finance its cash deficit in the short term. The first is through making some changes internally and second is using external means to finance the deficit. By internal changes what is meant are changes in Valco’s policies. First, the company must strive to reduce the debtor cycle. Debtor cycle refers to the number of days it takes debtors to pay for the credit sales. Quick recovery from debtors will ensure that cash is not tied up in the form of account receivable and is free to be used to pay other expenses. Another option that Valco has is to reduce its credit sales. This however, does not come without repercussion as it may mean a reduction in overall sales revenue if Valco stops giving the option of credit to its customers. Valco can try to reduce its credit sales (and hence the amount tied up in debtors) by offering cash/trade discounts i f the customers pay in cash at the time of transaction. This will encourage cash sales and therefore a flow of cash payments. (Davoren, n.d.)Also, as the evidence from the question suggests, the raw material stock was increased for the second month, this means

Teenage Pregnancy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teenage Pregnancy - Assignment Example ned the differences of youths who are school going in the urban minority and faced with the possibility of teen pregnancy, how teen pregnancies affect academics and the approaches that the schools can use in addressing the problem (Basch, 2011). The author emphasizes that there is a lot of pressure that comes from teen pregnancy in influencing the outcomes of education among teens. There are reported high cases of teen pregnancy especially among the urban minority youth. According to the research carried out school, based programs can be of help in equipping the teens with skills and knowledge the need to be able to postpone sex to later time in life, to practice safe sex, to avoid unwanted pregnancies, and incase one becomes pregnant to go on and pursue education. There is an added advantage of the sex education in schools since the youth are protected from HIV and other infections, which can be spread amongst the youth as they engage in sex (Basch, 2011). The author carried out a research to have an overview on teenage pregnancy and realized that almost a third of teen females in the U.S get pregnant and once pregnant they face the risk of getting pregnant again. Compared to other western countries the author argues that in the U.S teenage pregnancies are high. When teens give birth especially when it is not intended they are highly affected and it can be extended to the children they get. The minority youth have higher teen pregnancy cases than the white youths. Teen pregnancies affect education, health, and social aspects of children (Basch, 2011). Teens that get pregnant are likely not to continue with their education. Those who continue with their education face several obstacles such that their performance is highly affected. From research, it is clear that children who are born to teen mothers are likely to become teen parents too. The research shows that children born to teen mothers are likely to become teen mothers since they probably live in

Standard And Non Standard Dialect English Language Essay

Standard And Non Standard Dialect English Language Essay INTRODUCTION Linguists would define language as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication which may consist of several dialects. Here, dialect is a variety of a certain language, spoken in one part of a country (regional dialect), whose difference can be encountered in some words, and/or pronunciation from other forms of the same language. Dialects and their uniqueness in the application have been the sole point of discussion in sociolinguistics, attracting many linguists to learn about them deeply. Indonesia, as the parameter in this paper, consists of many ethnics and cultures with their own unique languages, thus it is likely that Indonesia possesses many local languages. Nonetheless, Bahasa Indonesia is claimed to be a national language that is expected to be a means to unite all citizens despite their different cultural background. In this case, although each region has its own local language, which is distinct and not just a dialect, virtually everyone now speaks Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian Language). In order to unify such a diverse nation, a common language is clearly needed. The phenomenon of dialects along with its variants is the main concern in this paper. THEORITICAL VIEW According to Francis (1992) and Romaine (1994) dialects are the variants or varieties of a language used by different speakers who are separated by geographic or social boundaries. Furthermore, Einer Haugen, as quoted in Hudson (1996) states that English made no distinction between language and dialect, but when the Renaissance period, the term dialect was borrowed from Greek, and it refers to the distinct varieties used in classical Greek in relation to different area and kind of literature. If we look further into a smaller scope of language in Indonesia, every local language will have its own regional dialects. Even within a geographical area which is not very wide, still there is probability that a local language varies. As a consequence, each regional dialect will also have their standard dialect used by the members of that particular regional area. Furthermore, Chambers and Trudgill (1998), quoted in Hudson (2000) stated that a dialect is popularly considered to be à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"a sub-standard, low status, often rustic form of a language, lacking in prestige.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Meanwhile standard dialect is used within the area and might not be understood by people coming from outside of the area. A standard language (also standard dialect, standardized dialect) is a particular variety of a language that is considered to be prestigious within a speech community. The standard will usually be institutionalized, often by being given legal status, and then used as the norm in mass media, education, and other social institutions. DISCUSSION The explanation above grants us view that standard dialect is different with non-standard dialect which is called regional dialect. We can see the differences between them in terms of their function as well as the area where they are applied. Related with its function, standard dialect will be used universally and usually known by the whole user of the regional dialects of the same language. In regard to the area, the standard dialect is known and widely used by every person in a particularly wide area where that language being used meanwhile the non-standard dialects or regional dialects is the dialect that is used in a relatively smaller area. Here, commonly, local language shows from which province/area we come from and regional dialects shows from which area in certain province we come from. It means that standard dialect has a wider range than non-standard dialects. As one of the local language in Indonesia, Balinese language can be a good example in describing the varieties of dialects in certain area in Indonesia. Balinese language is the official language for Balinese community which is used at any formal situation in the Balinese society such as community meeting, wedding ceremony, priest speech at the temple etc. There are some dialects of Balinese language in Bali, usually based on the regency where it is spoken, so commonly there is Gianyar dialect, Bangli dialect, Tabanan dialect, Negara dialect and so on. However, no matter what dialect it is, the language,in this case Balinese Language basically is the same both in terms of grammar and syntax. They are just slightly different in the tone/rhythm, pronunciation, and few vocabularies. Most importantly, Balinese people speaking different dialects can still understand each other at the very least. Compared some Balinese words such as : Tuba = poison, Bubu = basket fish trap, Pedau = boat, Layar = sail, Talas = Taro, Ubi = Yam, Tebu = sugar cane, Nyuh = coconut, Lemo = citrus, Pandan = pandanus, Buah = areca. Among those smaller groups of languages further variations or dialect can be still found especially the level of morphemic construction and phonemes. It is interesting to find that beside various dialects that exist in Balinese language, there is also the difference in intonation. The group of intonation does not necessarily bring into one as a unit of dialect. In the future with the presence of modern communication means as an interface of human being, this intonation and dialects will move toward homogenous elements. So, the dialects among Balinese people are mostly similar in grammatical aspect but are different in term of intonation, vocabularies and accent. The nature of the existence of cultural dialect is not aimed to give limitation to the freedom of expression, apparently it is to give view that expressions may differ across cultural groups. The standardized expressions served as a control for the perceiver effects discussed above such as greater motivation or preference for oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own perceived ethnic group, stereotypes about the likely emotions experienced by different groups, and decoding rules which should all be equal when judging these two sets of expressions. For these reasons, we argue that regional dialects may vary in their impact across emotions. However, although there are several aspects that differentiate those regional dialects in certain local language, we cannot absolutely determine exactly which dialect belong to certain area, or which vocabularies or intonation belong to certain dialect, etc. The line between them is not clear and the most critical standards of differentiating them rely on the social facts as well as the linguistic facts itself. As what is explained above, sometimes when the people with different dialect (although with the same standard language) meet each other, they can feel strange, funny or the worst they cannot understand the meaning of certain statement used by their partner. This is how dialects are being evaluated within the social community. There is no such term better or best dialect, there is only the feeling of being accustomed and not accustomed to a certain dialcet. For example, Balinese language. When Tabanan people with Tabanan dialect talk each other, they can understand each other and the conversation goes well as usual. But when Tabanan people meet Singaraja people that also have their own dialect, there will be something unusual. Tabanan people may feel strange or even funny because the different with their own dialect, but the same thing will happen with Singaraja people, too. So, these dialects which are different from one area to another area in Bali, can be such a characteristic of t hat area that can help the people from another area identify where they come from. The point here is that every people have to respect each other in terms of dialect use. They can have different dialect but, to make the conversation safe, they can use the standard dialect. So, everything about dialect itself is evaluated by the community in which, there is no absolute decision about this evaluation because everyone can have their own evaluation about these dialects. The people who use dialect itself are the social community where that dialect exists. As a matter of fact, any dialect will not last unless the community uses it. Here, the language will be formed based on the culture in that area and becomes tradition from one generation to the next. These dialects usually can be learnt by the community through the daily conversation. For those, who become native speaker of that dialect, it can be formed and acquired naturally because their environment. Furthermore, for those who are not native speakers of that dialect, this dialect also can be learnt through a frequent use of dialect itself. For example the one who firstly used Gianyar dialect, but because he/she lives in Singaraja for a long time and usually make interactions and conversations with Singarajaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s people, he/she can use Singaraja dialect also. He/she will automatically follow the dominating dialect because that is the dialect in his/her new environment. CONCLUSION In conclusion, language as a means of communication might be found varied. The variation is known as dialects, whose differences comprise intonation, pronunciation, as well as vocabulary. The dialects within the society exist in two forms namely the standard and non standard dialect. Both of the variants share one thing in common, that is they are of the same language. However, the differences between them are that standardized dialect is considered to be more prestigious, and is applied in wider area compared with the non standard dialect. Dialects are acquired through the daily conversation, through other people who are involved in a talk. Thus, any dialect that has ever been created should be kept in use in order for the dialect itself not to be perished.

History of the city of Florence Essays -- Italy European History Essay

History of the city of Florence In the entire scope of history there are few civilizations that have left their own unique imprint upon the rest of the world as well as influencing future generations like the city of Florence. Only a handful of nations can claim the cultural, financial, social, and artistic accomplishments that this city can. Throughout the history of approximately three thousand years Florence has proven to be an impressively resilient civilization that takes pride in itself and has been a leader in Italy and worldwide. From the founding Etruscan people, to Dante and Boccaccio, to the Medici family the Florentine people have proven themselves to be remarkable in many areas of life. This paper will trace the different stages of the Florentine civilization from its foundations, to its emergence from the Middle Ages, to the period of the Renaissance, and finally to its transition to become part of the nation of Italy. Early Florence The first people to settle the area that was to become Florence were the Etruscans who probably arrived around 1,000 B.C. by sea from Asia Minor.[i]? Current day archeologists and historians think fighting was common to the area because the Etruscans settled in walled cities built on high, unapproachable hills which would be hard to attack. Fiesole was one such city which was conquerored by the Romans around 300 B.C. along with the surrounding areas. As is turned out, this defeat was beneficial to the native people because it provided secure trade routes protected by the Roman military. The ability to travel and trade more freely prompted these people to move their civilization to the banks of the Arno River not far from the site of modern day Florence.[ii]... ...ucker, p. 58. [xxi] Lweis, p. 140. [xxii] Levey, p. 180. [xxiii] Levey, p. 236. [xxiv]? Colonel G.F. Young, The Medici (New York; Modern Library, 1933), p. 286. [xxv] Levey, p. 254. [xxvi] Levey, p. 256. [xxvii] Young, p. 332. [xxviii] Young, p. 364. [xxix] Levey, p. 321. [xxx] J. Lucas-Dubreton, Daily Life in Florence In the Time of the Medici (New York; MacMillan, 1961), p.? 287. [xxxi] Levey, p. 332. [xxxii]? George Holmes ed., The Oxford History of Italy (Oxford; Oxford Univ Press, 1997), p. 115. [xxxiii] Holmes, p. 115. [xxxiv] Holmes, p. 116. [xxxv] Holmes, p. 126. [xxxvi] Levey, p. 432. [xxxvii] Levey, p. 440. [xxxviii] Levey, p. 432. [xxxix] Levey, p. 456. [xl] Lewis, p. 182. [xli] Lewis, p. 183. [xlii] Levey, p. 456. [xliii] Lewis, p. 189. [xliv] Holmes, p. 229. [xlv] Holmes, p. 215.

Benefit of Life Balance

Home-based Telecommuting This refers to employees working at home on a regular basis, though not necessarily every day. Some employees choose to work from home several days in a week. To support the work of the home-based worker, some employers would provide them with the necessary equipment. For an example, computers and fax machines. Satellite Offices Instead of the conventional office, employees work at a location convenient to themselves and their customers. A satellite office houses only employees from a single firm.In some sense, it is a branch office whose purpose is to alleviate employees' commute. The satellite office is equipped with office furniture and equipment provided by the firm. Neighborhood Work Centre This is essentially similar to the satellite office with one difference which a neighborhood work centre houses more than one company's employees. In other words, several companies may share the lease on an office building but maintain separate office areas within the building. Office suites may be furnished by the site owner or by the respective renting firm.Mobile Working In contrast to telecommuters who work from one designated location outside the office, mobile workers are frequently on the road, using telecommunications equipment to work from an assortment of locations such as home, car, plane or hotel business centre. This mode of arrangement is most suited to employees who need to be constantly on the move to get their Jobs done, like salesperson, investment bankers and investigative reporters. 2. 3 BENEFITS Savings from Absenteeism Teleporting allows workers to better combine their work and personal responsibilities.This results in a reduction in absenteeism as employees have less tendency to take personal leave, sick leave or leave work early to meet personal deeds. According to the 1999 Telethon America Research Survey by Joanne Pratt Associates, teleporting results in a 63% savings in the cost of absenteeism per teleporting employee per year. Higher Productivity Teleporting helps to increase productivity as workers are not susceptible to distractions such as office politics and gossips.Employees also have higher energy levels due to the reduction in traveling to and from work; Savings in Cost of Office Space Teleporting enables companies to save on office space and associated costs. According to the 1999 Telethon America Research Survey, IBM saved IIS$75 million in al estate expenses as a result of telecommuting while AT & T saved IIS$80 million in real estate and office overheads from having employees telecommute; Attraction 54% of the employees covered in the survey said that the ability to work at home was important or extremely important to them in considering a new Job.Companies with flexible work practices are cited as â€Å"best practice† employers, and this helps to attract and retain employees; Option for Disability Telethon is a suitable employment option for employees with disability. 2. 4 PRO BLEMS/CHALLENGES Inability to Constantly Monitor A major challenge for managers is their inability to physically observe their employees' performance. This may pose a concern especially for Jobs where the employees' performance is not easily measurable.Reduced Social Networking Teleporting may negatively affect social networking in the workplace by: – disrupting teamwork. – fragmenting the social network. – creating possible resentment among employees not chosen to telecommute. Lack of Resource and Technical Support Telemarketers face the challenge of gaining access to resources (documents, database) which they may need in performing their work but which may not be available on- nine. In addition, telemarketers need to be more technically savvy then their office peers as support services may not be readily available at remote offices. 2. KEY IMPLEMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS Telecommuting Arrangement May be most suitable for employees whose nature of work does not r equire close supervision or interaction with other employees, and whose work performance or output can be easily measured and assessed. Communication Essential for the successful implementation of teleporting. Before the implementation of teleporting, both managers and employees should discuss and agree on the key issue. The key issues, including the terms and conditions of employment, should be documented in the form of policy guidelines which would serve as a basis for implementing teleporting.The key issue as follow: – performance goals and measurements – career paths – training and development opportunities – occupational safety and health considerations and work injury compensation – provision of work equipment and reimbursement of work-related expenses – need for reporting at the workplace at regular intervals – safeguarding the security and confidentiality of information Managers Would Need o be Trained on Remote Supervision an d Management Managers would also have to learn to address issues such as employee isolation and the concern about transmitting the organization's culture to employees who are working remotely. . JOB SHARING The term â€Å"Job sharing† was first coined in mid-asses. This option was devised as a way to create more part-time opportunities in positions which could not be reduced in hours or split into two part-time Jobs. The Job sharing arrangement enables employers to preserve Jobs in their full-time form while tapping on the expertise of two or more people.

Beauty (unlike ugliness)

Beauty (unlike ugliness) cannot really be explained and it was also quoted that â€Å"Like a God (and as empty), it can only say: I am what I am. 1 The path to beauty is what we are all trying to find and to follow. To define beauty as that which is sought, as it appears in imagination, is sufficient that everyone is seeking beauty, for it cannot be denied that everyone is looking for something and dreaming about it. 2 To dispute taste is futile, because beauty varies for different people and for the same person.The vulgar have their beauty, the lofty theirs. But the vulgar have moments in which they may appreciate another beauty, and so have lofty. Beauty is not entirely a personal affair, because the most subjective things are an objective part of human nature which is universal; as the hidden arrangements in one house are like those other houses. Ideas we take into our heads differ hardly more that food we consume. Seldom is there reason to suppose more individuality in our thoug ht s than in our behavior and apparel.We happen to have access to our own physical and psychical quarters, and can shut the door on the rest of the world; but there is no mysterious cleavage between this subjectivity or what is objective or out in the open. 3 The sameness of human wishes in their most subjective state is made public on screen of the movie, in the human interest stories of the newspaper magazines and novels, in window displays and on billboards. Advertisers write the open text on aesthetics that all may read.They know that men and women are enough alike to want the same things, to admire the same beauty; and they are so sure of this that on it they stake their fortunes. It would be idle to argue that each person has not a different idea of beauty, were not the illusion of uniqueness rather universal. According to Ames, people are richer or poorer in appreciation, but as, as in their belongings, they are luxurious or lacking in similar things, so that their very diffe rences are same.He added that, imaginations and predilections are as objective as hair and eyes, and equally dependent upon heredity and environment. Given a certain nature, education and experience, certain wishes will be inevitable which will necessarily reflect in appropriate beauty. Precisely because variation is rare it is magnified. Each person cherishes what personality he has, and is glad that in being conditioned to seek his own he can reject what is foreign to him and call it as ugly, though he is also happy to belike other people and to share their enthusiasm.Based on Ames, there are fewer disputes about beauty than is often assumed, because most people accept the standards of their country and sex, class and set. Western philosophers and psychologist have always been interested in the nature of art, the appreciation of art, and the psychology of artist. 4 Plato argued that aesthetic experience _____________________________________ 1. â€Å" Pacteau, F. (1994). â€Å" T he Symtom of Beauty. New York: Reaktion Books, 1-232. ISBN 094846254X. 2. Ames, V. M (1968). â€Å" Introduction to Beauty.New York: Ayer Publishing, ISBN 094846254X. 3. Ibid. 4. Hagman, G. (2005). â€Å"Aesthetic experience: beauty, creativity, and the search for the ideal. New York: Rodopi, ISBN 9042018569. 1 2 involved the apprehension of the good in nature. The non-sensuous pleasure, perhaps awe, of aesthetic feeling resulted from the reflection of ideal form in the object that only hinted at the profound perfection and beauty of its higher model. Hagman said that, for Plato, it was the apperception of this hint, the glimpse of the ideal, which was the source of aesthetic experience.Later, religious thinkers believed that aesthetic experience was linked to the revelation of divinity in the world, the sense of the worldly beauty being a reflection of the eternal beauty of God. Similar to Plato’s view was the belief that some objects, most especially art, expressed Godâ⠂¬â„¢s love and perfection more than others – or at least, the divinity was more easily glimpsed in some objects than in others according to Hagman. He also added that, it was not until the eighteenth century that a true psychology of aesthetic experience began to emerge.Starting with David Hume and Immanuel Kant, these modern thinkers tried to explain aesthetic experience in psychological terms. The objective nature of â€Å"the good† and â€Å"the beauty of God† came to be replaced by psychological processes by which our experience of the world is given aesthetic qualities and values5. Hume argued that aesthetic experience was associated with sensitivity to the association between a perception and a feeling. The particular aesthetic feeling s were those of refined pleasure, delight, awe, admiration, joy, and so on – in other word, the effects and passions considered to be special, positive value.Hume believed that certain type of experiences, those poss essing beauty, attained higher qualities in the formal expression of these feelings. Thus, for Hume, human’s sensibility and emotion replaced divinity and ideal form of aesthetic experience. Art, as opposed to natural sources of beauty, expressed certain associated feelings in refined and highly valued ways6. Hume argued that a person could develop his or her critical judgment in aesthetic matters by means of experience and study.He also stressed the need for the audience to keep â€Å"his mind from all prejudice and allow nothing to enter into consideration but the very object that is submitted to examination†. Hume claimed that the audience must be comfortable and without other intentions when viewing something aesthetically; this was one of the initial argument for the role of disinterest in aesthetic experience. What Hume was describing was type of empathy, an ability to put aside one’s normal position and needs and to â€Å"place oneself in that point of v iew that the artwork supposes†.Thus, aesthetic experience assumed a special form of relationship with the object in which the audience members would approach the experience with benign neutrality and willingness to give themselves over to the experience without prejudice. This relationship would then ideally result in a pleasant emotional state evoked by the specialness and refinement of the object ______________________________________ 5. Hagman, G. (2005). â€Å"Aesthetic experience: beauty, creativity, and the search for the ideal. New York: Rodopi, ISBN 9042018569. 6. Ibid 3Immanuel Kant postulated that aesthetic experience was a type of subjective judgment distinct from other human emotions, referring to this as taste. Essentially, taste was a type of universal and natural human capability similar to other modes of perception. As one experiences something aesthetically, there are sensations of pleasure within an attitude of disinterest. In fact, for Kant, taste was close r to reason than to emotion or sensation; it constituted recognition of a priori truths (such as beauty) in the concrete, â€Å"objective purposiveness†. Nonillusions and some Persistent MysteriesOne of the most curious phenomena that simply cannot be understood in terms of their primary cause sat the present time is the close relationship between certain mathematical series (e. g. , the Fibonacci numbers in which each successive term is the sum of the two preceding numbers) and the extreme vaguely defined cognitive experience we call visual pleasure or beauty. 7 If each Fibonacci numbers is then divided by the one previous to it, this new series converges on what has become a magical number – 1. 615838†¦, otherwise known as the golden ratio.The golden ratio appears ubiquitously in a wide variety of biological systems including the arrangements of seeds on a flower, the structure of fruits and vegetables, and the shape of the spiral shells of a Chambered Nautilus. 7 Most interesting in the present context, however, is the fact that if an observer is asked to identify the width and height of the most beautiful rectangle, the usual answer is close to the golden ratio. They said that this phenomenon appears through the history of art with the pyramids, Greek temples, renaissance art, and the contemporary views of female beauty all showing evidence of golden ratio.It is also observable in musical compositions. 8 Thus, there appears to be a close relationship between a subjective aesthetic judgment and a fundamental number appearing in a mathematical expression. 9 The problem is that this is a purely empirical observation; there is no theory of why these two domains should be linked in this manner. This mysterious relationship suggests, however, that mathematics and human aesthetic is intimately tied together for totally obscure reasons. Perhaps it is due to evolutionary forces of which we are only beginning to understand, but even this is the lo osest kind of speculation.Nevertheless, there are some well – established links that are considered. Aestheticians themselves are in surprising accord as to the nature of beauty and art. They usually agree that beauty is a value and that art is the means of realizing the value. They say that beauty lifts us out of littleness to understanding of the meaning of existence. In beauty we see the finish and finality toward which our efforts tend the poise to which our wobbly lives aspire. In beauty we behold our desire without ceasing to desire it, for the most satisfying beauty is the more it arouses longing.The classic ideal of beauty is more calm, the romantic more vehement, ______________________________________ 7. Uttal, W. R. (2003). â€Å"Psychomythics: Sources of Artifacts and Misconceptions in Scientific Psychology. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, ISBN 0805845844. 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid 4 while the modern tends to be wild and madcap; yet there is a passion in the classi c ideal, composure in the romantic, and some restraint in the modern, else none of them could be beautiful. From Sublimation to RegressionIn 1961, Robert Fleiss published an interesting elaboration of Freud’s sublimation model of aesthetic experience. Fleiss believed that in aesthetic experience, especially in the sense of beauty, there is a normal regression to an â€Å"early perceptory relation† involving the modality of primary perception,† which he conceived of as the combinations of perceptions of the labyrinth – outer skin, hands, and mouth unified into a single, nondistinguishable experience. According to Fleiss, in aesthetic enjoyment there is a muscular discharge of neutral energy.Rather than cannibalizing the object, the person experiences emphatic introjections of it. 12 Fleiss located the developmental level of aesthetic experience in the first oral phase prior to the mobilization of aggression that results in incorporative actions and fantasie s. He argued that the sublimation of this neutral oral libido is â€Å"inseparable from aesthetic enjoyment† and includes muscular discharges involved in the â€Å"modality of primary perception† – â€Å"a modality that continues to function throughout life.Thus, for Fleiss, sublimation is not simply a defense, but a normal aspect of the vicissitudes of libido that re essentially neutral during the first oral phase. It is the activity of this libido throughout life that accounts for the ubiquity of aesthetic experience. In an interesting series of case reports, Fleiss illustrated the relationship between sex and aesthetic enjoyment, and even argued for the simultaneous experience of both in mature, healthy sexual relations. ConclusionFor centuries, beauty has been considered a feminine attribute, and its pursuit a feminine responsibility. In fact the word beauty itself reflects the intimate connection between beauty and femininity. Even the most recent revision of the Webmaster’s New World Dictionary has as one of it’s definitions of beauty â€Å"a very good looking woman. † Thus we postulate that women’s preoccupation their appearance is consistent with the feminine sex-role stereotype. There are at least two additional aspects of beauty that may fuel women’s effort to emulate their culture’s beauty ideal.First, beauty often is associated with moral goodness, with being virtuous. Second, beauty can contribute to being powerful. _________________________________________ 11. â€Å" Santayana, G. (1955). â€Å" The Sense of Beauty: Being the Outline of Aesthetic Theory. New York: Courier Dover Publications, ISBN 0486202380. 12. Hagman, G. (2005). â€Å"Aesthetic experience: beauty, creativity, and the search for the ideal. New York: Rodopi, ISBN 9042018569. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ames, V. M (1968). â€Å" Introduction to Beauty. New York: Ayer Publishing, ISBN 094846254X.Hagman, G. (2005). â€Å"Aestheti c experience: beauty, creativity, and the search for the ideal. New York: Rodopi, ISBN 9042018569. Pacteau, F. (1994). â€Å" The Symtom of Beauty. New York: Reaktion Books, 1-232. ISBN 094846254X. Santayana, G. (1955). â€Å" The Sense of Beauty: Being the Outline of Aesthetic Theory. New York: Courier Dover Publications, 1-168. ISBN 0486202380. Uttal, W. R. (2003). â€Å"Psychomythics: Sources of Artifacts and Misconceptions in Scientific Psychology. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, ISBN 0805845844.

Pondwater paper Essays

Pondwater paper Essays Pondwater paper Essay Pondwater paper Essay 1995. Open Water. Pond Life. New York, Golden Books, 18 http:// www. brighthub. com/environment/science-environmental/articles/61550. aspx http:// www. thewildclassroom. com/biomes/FRESHWATER. html

The Domestication of Animals and its Impact on World Civilizations Essay

The Domestication of Animals and its Impact on World Civilizations Over Time - Essay Example Both Eastern and Western hemispheres experienced huge progress in uniquely different ways. One innovation that largely affected the development of societies and contributed to their progress was the domestication of animals. The domestication of animals positively impacted civilizations around the world by advancing agricultural and economic development, improving trade and international relations, and expanding cultural expression. The advancement of agriculture and economic aspects occurred in many different civilizations including the Chinese, Egyptian, and even Neolithic societies as a result of the domestication of animals. During the time span of the Xia dynasty to the Han Dynasty, the Chinese domesticated animals such as chickens, ducks, pigs, and dogs (Gascoigne). These ducks, pigs, and dogs were used as their fresh food source. Chickens also served as a food producer of eggs, a food commonly consumed in the Chinese diet. In addition to supplying a fresh source of food, domesticated animals in China were also used to help produce crops. The Chinese utilized oxen to pull plows, which helped humans more efficiently plow their land and positively affected the agricultural growth as a result of the increased production of crops. Therefore, the domestication of animals shaped both the Chinese diet and improved its economy through the increase of agricultural efficiency. In Egypt, cattle and pigs were raised t o supply major food products as well. Later on during the New Kingdom, Egyptians started to domesticate chickens, which served the same purpose for the Egyptians as it did for the Chinese.

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example This ensures commitment of the staff in achieving company objectives leading to improved performance and productivity and consequently profitability and competitive advantage for the firm. Banco is a medium sized bank with over 300 branches and operates 24hours, seven days thus making its HR function complex. It faces stiff competition from other companies and needs to fulfil the needs of increasing customers prompted by rapid development in service industry of two nearby towns. Being located in an area of low unemployment, Banco needs to formulate policies and strategies that ensure employee retention. Banco policies are formulated at the head office and imposed on the branches despite the difference that exist in different localities and therefore do not consider diversity and cultural issues when making decisions. The management is bureaucratic in nature as no communication channels are available for the staff to communicate with senior administration except through union represen tatives. The company has training and development policy whereby responsibility is put on team leaders. The recruitment policy entails external recruitment by agencies and at the headquarters. Team work is encouraged and performance is measured through set targets which are supposed to be accomplished individually and through team work. The overall goal of the organization is to ensure quality services so as to retain customers and remain competitive in the service industry. Despite all these measures, its HR policies and procedures is not effective leading to labour turnover, absenteeism and declining profitability. The paper will discuss the various HR issues in the bank and appropriate recommendations to ensure the bank achieves its goals. Human Resource Issues and Recommendations Management One of the problems facing Banco is the manner in which it is managed. It is evident that all policies and procedures are formulated at a headquarters and implemented on other branches. The s trategies may be applicable in one branch but not the others due to cultural diversity. For example the rewards given to motivate workers are viewed differently by different individuals and cultures; some appreciate monetary rewards while others may appreciate non monetary rewards such as promotion so as to climb the social class. The local managers are not involved in formulating the policies and therefore they are not committed to implement the same in order to achieve results. The management team is also inexperienced and therefore cannot handle employees at the call centre if they themselves are not confident. The management also does not communicate directly with the staff but does so through the trade union and therefore may not realise the problems the employees are facing and handle them in order to gain loyalty and commitment. Banco can change its management techniques in order to achieve its objectives. It should appreciate diversity at workplace and hence involve local br anch managers in formulating policies and give them autonomy to formulate some policies at branch level in accordance with local needs. This is important in getting the local managers to feel they own the decisions thus are committed to achieving the company objectives. The managers also have knowledge of the area in which the call centres are located and are close to the customers